Wall model for large eddy simulations accounting for particle effect

Wall model for large eddy simulations accounting for particle effect Wall Modeling in Large Eddy Simulations (LES) with Particle Effects – A Turbulent Leap Forward In computational fluid dynamics (CFD), Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is a powerful tool for resolving large-scale turbulent structures, but its accuracy near walls is limited by the high computational cost of resolving fine-scale eddies. To overcome this, wall models are introduced to approximate near-wall turbulence. Traditionally, these models focus solely on fluid behavior; however, real-world scenarios—ranging from environmental dust transport to industrial spray systems—often involve particle-laden flows , where the interaction between particles and turbulent boundary layers plays a critical role. A wall model that accounts for particle effects introduces a paradigm shift in LES. In particle-laden turbulent flows, particles with inertia do not follow the fluid streamlines precisely. Instead, they interact with ed...