Constraints on dark energy models using late Universe probes

 Constraints on dark energy models using late Universe probes

Constraints on Dark Energy Models Using Late Universe Probes – Hashtags and Summary (400 words)

The quest to understand the mysterious force driving the accelerated expansion of the universe—dark energy—has become one of the most profound challenges in modern cosmology. Late Universe probes, including Type Ia supernovae (SNIa), baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), cosmic chronometers, redshift-space distortions (RSD), and large-scale structure surveys, provide critical data to constrain theoretical models of dark energy beyond the standard ΛCDM paradigm.

These probes help measure the Hubble parameter $H(z)$, the growth rate of structure, and the distance-redshift relation across cosmic time. The observations allow researchers to constrain the equation of state (EoS) parameter $w = p/\rho$, test for deviations from a cosmological constant, and differentiate between various dynamic models (such as quintessence, phantom energy, and scalar-tensor theories). When combined with early-universe probes like the cosmic microwave background (CMB), these constraints become even more powerful, helping to break degeneracies between parameters and test for consistency across cosmic time.

Recent advances in late Universe observational datasets—from surveys like DES, eBOSS, KiDS, Pantheon+, and Euclid—have pushed precision cosmology into a new era. These have revealed tensions, such as the Hubble tension, which may hint at new physics or evolving dark energy. Thus, comprehensive constraint analysis using late-time data is crucial for falsifying or refining cosmological models.

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