Density and Viscosity of Orange Oil and Turpentine Biofuels 🌱 #WorldResearchAwards


Introduction

Biofuels are increasingly recognized as sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels due to their renewable origin, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and compatibility with existing energy systems. Among emerging biofuel components, orange oil, turpentine, and their hydrogenated derivatives have gained attention because they are derived from biomass resources and industrial by-products. Understanding their physicochemical properties is essential for evaluating their feasibility in energy applications. This research focuses on generating reliable experimental data to support the potential integration of these essential oils into biofuel formulations.

Experimental methodology and measurement accuracy

Accurate determination of density and viscosity is critical for assessing fuel performance in internal combustion engines. In this study, densities and viscosities of orange oil, turpentine, hydrogenated orange oil, and hydrogenated turpentine were measured at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range of 293.15–373.15 K. High-precision instruments were employed, achieving uncertainties below 0.05 kg·m⁻³ for density and 0.3 mPa·s for viscosity. Such precision ensures the reliability of the data for both scientific analysis and engineering applications.

Temperature dependence of density

The experimental results demonstrate a consistent decrease in density with increasing temperature for all studied substances. This behavior reflects thermal expansion and reduced intermolecular interactions at elevated temperatures. The density data were successfully correlated using a quadratic function of temperature, yielding very low absolute average relative deviations. These correlations provide practical tools for predicting fuel behavior under real engine operating conditions.

Viscosity behavior and modeling

Viscosity is a key parameter influencing fuel injection, atomization, and combustion efficiency. The measured viscosities of all samples decreased significantly with temperature, following typical liquid behavior. The Andrade equation was used to correlate viscosity as a function of temperature, resulting in excellent agreement with experimental data. Notably, orange oil and turpentine showed lower viscosities than their hydrogenated derivatives, indicating favorable flow characteristics.

Molecular structure and property relationships

Differences between hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated oils were attributed to molecular size and packing efficiency. Hydrogenation increases molecular saturation and size, leading to stronger intermolecular interactions and higher viscosity and density. In contrast, orange oil and turpentine, rich in lighter terpenes, exhibit lower viscosities and slightly lower densities, making them attractive for blending with conventional biofuels.

Comparison with biodiesel standards and blending potential

The measured density and viscosity values were compared with limits specified in European and American biodiesel standards. Although the essential oils alone may not fully meet all standard requirements, the analysis indicates that blending them with conventional biodiesel can produce mixtures compliant with both standards. This highlights their practical potential as biofuel additives, contributing to improved fuel properties and enhanced sustainability.

Global Particle Physics Excellence Awards


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#biofuels, #renewableenergy, #densitymeasurement, #viscosityanalysis, #essentialoils, #orangeoil, #turpentine, #hydrogenatedfuels, #biodiesel, #fuelproperties, #thermalbehavior, #engineperformance, #sustainablefuels, #greenenergy, #chemicalengineering, #energyresearch, #fuelblending, #experimentalresearch, #cleanenergy, #worldresearchawards

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